Understanding Vitamin B12: The Essential Nutrient Vitamin B12 , or cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin crucial for several bodily functions
Benoist 2014, PMID 25187433) were retracted in April 2025 (retraction notices PMID 40312092 and PMID 40312093) following a Washington State University investigation that found the lead author altered images across her dissertation and multiple co-authored papers
In two recent systematic reviews of gluteal tendon treatments, the authors found good evidence for the use of platelet-rich plasma injections (Ladurner et al
33-day trials show 40% better mood & focus scores
The diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency typically relies on low total B12 levels and elevated concentrations of homocysteine (Hcy), as well as levels of transcobalamin-bound B12 (holoTC) and methylmalonic acid (MMA), which serve as functional indicators of cobalamin insufficiency (Carmel and Sarrai, 2006)
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